در شروع CPR هدف از BLS و به دنبال آن ACLS نجات بیماری است که به صورت حاد دچار ایست قلبی، تنفسی و یا هر دو شده است.مهمترین عامل تعیین کننده بهبودی بیمار از یک ایست قلبی تنفسی بدون بروز عوارض نرولوژیک فاصله بین ایست قلبی تنفسی تا تنفس خودبخودی و جریان خون در سیستم قلبی عروقی است. به همین دلیل هر پزشک بدون توجه به رشته تخصصی باید بتواند در مواجهه با چنین بیماری عملیات CPR را شروع کند و در ضمن شروع عملیات و اقدامات اولیه تجهیزات و پرسنل بیشتری جهت مراحل بعدی CPR به کمک خواسته شود.ACLS زمانی موثر است که BLS به خوبی انجام شده باشد.BLS و ACLS شامل مراحلی هستند که به ترتیب و با توجه به شرایط بیمار باید انجام شود.

ABSTRACT Considering the concept of quality of Life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of Life. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the quality of Life. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of Life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the quality of Life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the quality of Life. So, the indicators affecting the quality of Life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of Life; this shows that the Quality of Life indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction Quality of Life is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering the concept of quality of Life equally in all cities has caused the level of quality of Life to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent years. On the other hand, considering the concept of quality of Life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of Life. Following this, the main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective factors for improving the quality of Life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, the cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to the size of the city, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the factors affecting the quality of Life are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology The research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of quality of Life, first, the indicators were separated into separate and structured factors using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And then, step by step regression method was used to measure the effective factors in improving the quality of Life in cities.   Results and discussion The research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 factors were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 factors in Qazvin city as effective factors on the quality of Life in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of Life in small and middle cities, the factors extracted from the factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. Furthermore, finally, (13) factors were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) factors in Qazvin as the main factors influencing the quality of Life. The analysis of the findings indicates that in Zia Abad, factors such as Life expectancy and social relations, security, the state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, the state of urban furniture, urban traffic, the state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving the quality of Life. In Qazvin, factors such as the state of urban services, the state of green and public spaces in the city, the state of security and economic opportunities in the city, the density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural Life, the state of roads and leisure in the city are effective in explaining the quality of Life. Following this, according to the above findings, quality of Life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to the type of cities and the specific characteristics of cities. Therefore, the quality of Life and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes the factors affecting the quality of Life to be different. Therefore, considering the quality of Life and its indicators to be the same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to the decline of the quality of Life and the failure of quality of Life improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, the research results indicate that quality of Life is a simple concept covering various urban Life aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in the excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with their urban Life. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, the perception of people in different cities and communities about the concept of quality of Life and the factors affecting it can be different. Following this, factors and indicators should be selected according to the characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve the quality of Life for each city. Thus, this research, using the classification of cities based on the size of the city, has presented factors specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and the great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of Life; this shows that the quality of Life indicators are different in all cities.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for Life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in Life gives Life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in Life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in Life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of Life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in Life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in Life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

امروزه بسیاری از مستشرقان، برای فلسفه در فرهنگ های شرقی، اصالت قایل اند و بسیاری از مفاهیم کلیدی در این فرهنگ ها را برخاسته از متن تمدن های شرقی می دانند. این باور، باعث شده تا مستشرقان به بررسی مفاهیم مطرح در فلسفه های شرقی همت گمارده و برخی از آنها را با مفاهیم مطرح در فلسفه های غربی، تطبیق نمایند. الیور لیمن، از جمله اندیش مندان غربی است که در دو دهه ی اخیر، آثاری ارزشمند در خصوص فلسفه های شرقی بویژه فلسفه ی اسلامی نگاشته است. در جستار حاضر، بر آنیم تا به نقد و بررسی یکی از مهم ترین این آثار با عنوان "مفاهیم کلیدی در فلسفه های شرقی" بپردازیم. لیمن در این اثر، با گردآوری مفاهیم کلیدی در فلسفه های شرقی چون هندوییسم، بودیسم، آیین کنفوسیوس و فلسفه ی اسلامی، توضیحاتی مختصر برای هر اصطلاح بیان نموده است. از مهم ترین محاسن اثر لیمن، آن است که وی سعی داشته تا این مفاهیم را در ساختار تمدنی خود فلسفه های شرقی تبیین کند. اما او برخی از مفاهیم کلیدی در فلسفه های شرقی به ویژه فلسفه اسلامی را مطرح نکرده و یا توضیح چندان روشنی درباره ی آنها ارایه نکرده است. هم چنین توضیحات برخی مدخل ها در این اثر، کافی نیست و حتی لیمن از بیان برخی اصطلاحات کلیدی در فلسفه های شرقی، غفلت ورزیده است.

Postmodernism represents skepticism toward metanarratives and universal ideologies that dominated the modernist era. The study focuses on three key postmodernist concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. Alternative assessment emphasizes evaluating the learning process over summative testing. Process syllabi focus on the learning experience rather than rigid outcomes. Self-directed learning enables student responsibility in setting learning goals and processes. This paper examined the effects of postmodernist educational concepts on improving Iranian EFL learners’ autonomy. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design was utilized with 60 intermediate level Iranian EFL students divided into an experimental and control group (n=30 each). The experimental group received instruction utilizing the three postmodernist concepts over 14 weeks, while the control group received traditional modernist instruction. Autonomy was measured using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention. The results showed the experimental group demonstrated significant increases in autonomy compared to the control group. Paired sample t-tests revealed significant differences between pre-test and post-test autonomy for the experimental group across all three postmodern concepts - alternative assessment, process syllabi, and self-directed learning. This suggests postmodernist concepts that decentralize instruction and emphasize student process over outcomes can enhance Iranian EFL learners’ self-direction and responsibility for language acquisition. The study implies EFL syllabus designers and instruction should transition to postmodern models centered on individualized assessment, flexible syllabi, and student-guided learning to boost autonomy. Further research can expand sample sizes and explore additional postmodernist concepts across diverse demographics.

علی رغم توسعه مبانی نظری مرتبط با کار و زندگی و استفاده فراگیر آن در قلمروی منابع انسانی سازمان ها، این مفهوم در برخی کشورهای درحال توسعه هنوز در مرحله ابتدایی به سر می برد. این مقاله با استفاده از روش تحلیل نظام مند با شناسایی دقیق، منظم و برنامه ریزی شده مطالعات مرتبط با حوزه کار و زندگی/ خانواده بین سال های 1964 تا 2017، در پی بررسی گستره موضوعی، روش شناسی و روش تحلیل مورد استفاده پژوهشگران بوده است تا ضمن نقد و بررسی مضامین این حوزه، امکان رصد، ارزیابی و تلفیق متون موجود را بدهد. به لحاظ گستره، دو مفهوم «کار و زندگی» و «کار و خانواده» مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. این دو عبارت ممکن است اغلب به جای یکدیگر و در یک مفهوم استفاده شوند؛ لیکن بررسی ها نشان می دهد، عبارت «کار-زندگی» از جامعیت بیشتری برخوردار است. پژوهش ها از منظر روش شناسی به انواع پژوهش های کمی، کیفی و آمیخته تقسیم شد که در این تقسیم بندی پژوهش های کمی از اقبال بیشتری برخوردار بودند. همچنین دیدگاه غالب در گذشته دیدگاه تعارض بوده، اما در ادامه و با غالب شدن رویکرد مثبت گرا، مفاهیم مرتبط با توازن مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته است.